Malacca Essay

The Tourism Society of England was define the Tourism as that is is a temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places which they work and do their activities during their stay at each destination, it includes movement for all purposes. Tourism is a major income of Malaysia, so every year, the government will organize a strategy for the particular destination, and there have some them of project for the promoting the destination like â€Å"Cuti-Cuti Malaysia†. In Malaysia, the Ministry of Tourism is put a lot of effort to do the developing for all the destinations and the government also allocate a big sum budget to supporting the development of tourism. The attraction of Malaysia’s tourism is the culture and its mystery natural places due to it have a lot of natural rain forest and it is a multiracial society. (Please refer to Appendix A) Malacca is a historical city and it is worth to the tourist for visiting its interesting history and architecture. In Malaysia, Malacca is the only one historical state which listed on UNESCO (United National Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) since 7th July 2008. Malacca is located at southern region of Malay Peninsula; it is the third smallest state in Malaysia, after Perlis and Penang. It is the most mystery history from all states of Malaysia. It is consider convenient to go Kuala Lumpur or Johor Bahru due to iti is located middle between them, it is just taking around one and half hour to reach them. Malacca can be separated into three parts – Central Malacca, Alor Gajah, and Jasin. It has a lot of history attraction, such as Fort A Famosa, Christ Church, Jonker Walk, Stadhuys, Portuges Settlement and so on. It also got a lot of activities can let tourist enjoy it like Dark Tour, River Cruise, and Water Sport at A Famosa and Wondeland Theme Park which is just opening since June 2010. It is very convenient to the tourist it visit the place due to almost the attractions are nearby and in one place, like Jonker Walk, Christ Church and the shopping malls (Dataran Phalawan and Mahkota Parade)are in one area, so it is convenient to the tourists. And it also easy to the tourists. And it also easy to tourists to find the hotels for their stays , because a lot of hotels are developed in Malacca, such as Equatorial, Holiday Inn, Bayview, Emperor Hotel and so on. The most famous thing of Malacca is its Baba Nyonya culture and foods, a lot of tourist come and visit Malacca because of its traditional Baba Nyonya food. It is not only attracting the foreign tourist, and it also attracts the local tourists who are come from different states.

Chapter 5 American Government

11. A plurality is more than half the votes cast. (false) -the state of being plural or numerous 12. A ward is a unit into which cities are often divided for the election of city council  members. (true) 13. An ideological party arises over a particular issue or crisis and soon fades away. (false) – they arise because of their beliefs on a matter and are long-lived. 14. Partisanship means membership in one of the major parties. (false) Partisanship is a noun meaning an inclination to favor one group or view or opinion over alternatives 15. hey bring people together to achieve control of the government. 16. divisive because if it wasn’t for the fact they need to eventually â€Å"make up† they would go their separate ways. 17. public officeholders , partisanship 18. inbred supported by the arrangements is a principle reason why challenging to the system. By minor parties. 19. Each of the parties have their own views, and each agree on weakness, religion, and othe r. 20. shared the same ideals, same basic, principles, and the same patterns of belief. 21. – federalist B- alexander hamliton and support constitution 22 a – civil war signaled it B one party domination 23 American political landscape – franklin Roosevelt election 24 The present era is known as the era of divided government. Neither party has consistently held on to the presidency. Congress is also usually controlled by the opposing party as well. 25- The four types of minor parties consist of the ideological parties, the single-issue parties, the economic protest parties and the splinter parties. 26. The Election of 1912 Roosevelt created The Progressive Party a. k. a the Bull Moose Party. Roosevelt beat Taft in electoral votes. 27 the president is the parties leaders 28. leader of the national committee 29. 1. Republican or demo. 2 split- ticketing voting 3. parties = open 4. changing of technology 31. yes because everyone has the own opinion and that is what the us is made up of.. everyone’s individual self’s. 32 minor parties aren’t even popular enough to vote and won’t even allow them to win. 33. commercials

Latin and United States

Apush Revolution is a huge change of power under a very short period of time. The world revolution comes from the Latin language and is defined as â€Å"a turn around†. It is an overthrow of government by the human population being governed. It is a very sudden event, which can last from 5 months to ten years. Changes occur regardless over a short period of time. America was a revolution whether we like it or not. It went through many changes under such a short period of time, which would consider it a revolution. America has hosted many revolutions. The country itself has been an entire revolution.We still go through many changes as a country, as we grow and build. In addition, America has grown incredibly quick since it was found by Christopher Columbus in 1492. We have become diverse. Take slavery, which was abolished and now nonexistent in this country. We have the ability to change drastically which is a beautiful thing. Standing up for our rights is what has changed our country incredibly. Unfortunately, people claim America was never considered a revolution. These humans do not look deeply under the surface of the situation though. Take all of the arguments and battles that we have been through.Take example, pilgrims settling in America for the first time. They formed communities, to towns. We then populated over the entire United States. Our country is the epitome of change. In conclusion, the United States of America will always be considered a revolution all on its own. Too many changes have occurred in this country for it not to be a revolution. People are welcome to argue the point, but everyone in the end knows the real answer. We should be happy with the fact of our country being able to change so well. It is something not many countries our capable of.

Nursing Informatics Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Informatics - Annotated Bibliography Example In particular it explores risk assessment for patients with suicidal characteristics and those who are a danger to others. This tool is useful and practical in such nursing. The article is insightful and thorough with the illustrations of what makes an electronic health record and how necessary the assessment tool is. The nursing work place today requires high skilled professional with knowledge in both nursing and technology. Informatics in nursing is important competencies. This is a study that focused on identifying the competencies of nurses in informatics as required in Taiwan. The study used questionnaires to gather information from administrators, educators and expert groups in nursing. This study provides a master list of competency requirement in nursing requirements. It is important for my research as the results are of international relevance in outlining the world wide importance of information in technology. Koivunen, M., Và ¤limà ¤ki, M., & Hà ¤tà ¶nen, H. (2010). Nurses’ information retrieval skills in psychiatric hospitals–Are the requirements for evidence-based practice fulfilled? Nurse Education in Practice, 10(1), 27-31. The authors of this article are all nurses with advanced degrees, either master’s or doctorate degree. This paper aims to describe the skills that nurses have in using the internet and literature databases in psychiatric hospitals. Nurses are known not to use research findings in their practice. The study was carried out in two Finland psychiatric hospitals, and the results were showed clear deficits in information retrieval skills. This source will guide in getting the right information to incorporate in educating nurses in these skills. The findings are central to advancing knowledge about the value of nursing informatics in the psychiatric setting. Gonge and Buus who work in psychiatric department and a public health institute in Denmark respectively undertook this

FIN unit 5 IP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FIN unit 5 IP - Essay Example By establishing production facilities in other countries especially where the cost of production is low, the firm starts to import its products back to home. Vernon’s product life-cycle theory was initially developed in US due to the fact that the most of new products were initiated in the US market. As more regions became developed, the theory was emulated by other countries such as China and Japan among other countries. One of the notable strengths of the Vernon’s product life-cycle theory is that it clearly explains the historical development of foreign domestic investment (Moffett et al, 2009). Nevertheless, based on the complexity in the production process globally, Vernon’s product life-cycle theory cannot neatly hold. For instance, as many countries initiate production systems, new products are being introduced at the same time in addition to establishment of production facilities in many countries simultaneously. Based on stiff competition that is been ex perienced in the current business atmosphere, many countries are focused at supporting their local companies by offering incentives such as tax subsidies and training of their work force. One of the major reasons as to why host countries, resist cross-border acquisitions is that they view them as foreign companies who are aimed at taking over their local firms without creating employment opportunities. On the other hand, host countries, view green field investments as economic drivers that are focused at establishing new production facilities that acts as major sources of employment for the local residents (Wang, 2005). Additionally, some host companies are viewed as competitors whose aim is to create products that are similar to those of the host companies. As a result, the local firms are faced with fewer sales leading to reduced amount of tax paid to the government thus resulting to slow development of the host countries. As local companies adopt foreign domestic investment, they are faced with various risks that range from currency risk to political risks. Based on the need to produce a budget that entails all the assets and liabilities that firms have at a certain date, it is imperative to incorporate the risks so as to provide fair position of the companies’ financial position. Political risks entail the complications that local and foreign businesses may face due to a political change. Beside macroeconomic factors, political risks can be caused by social policies as well as changes in investment, labour and changes in development among others. Political risks can be divided into macro political risks and macro political risks. While micro political risks are specifically related to a project, macro political risks affect all sectors of a country. During capital budgeting, firms should incorporate political risks in various ways. First, an organization can adjust the cost of capital upwards in order to indicate the impact of political risk. This i s followed by discounting the expected cash flows at an increased rate. Secondly, a firm can deduct insurance premiums associated with political risks from the future cash flows. This is followed by using the normal cost of capital which is adopted by the domestic capital budgeting. The need for expansion in foreign countries has forced many firms to emulate various strategies in order to expand their tangible and intangible assets. Two notable

Business Plan Implementation Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Plan Implementation - Personal Statement Example Coral Reef Adventures will dive seven days each week and visit a variety of dive sites each day. With over 25 unique dive sites available off the coast of Palm Beach, divers will experience a truly remarkable diving experience. The Coral Reef will operate from a beautiful 38’ Canaveral Custom Boat or equivalent docked at the Riverian Beach Marina. The boat will be well equipped with a professional captain and crew to serve its guests. There will be a Certified Dive Masters on every trip, oxygen and Nitrox fills on board, complimentary soft drinks and snacks and a fresh water rinse area for all to enjoy. Coral Reef Adventures, Inc. will accommodate up to 25-30 customers at a time. The boat will be equipped with 9 well trained staff and state of the art equipment, to make each trip a safe and enjoyable adventure. The company’s mission will be to deliver a variety of programs and packages that appeal to all skill levels. It provides maximum frequencies and options to guests and demonstrates abilities to showcase best dive charter with the best service and safety conscience crew the Florida â€Å"Gold Coast† has to offer. Finally, it endeavors to provide extra value added amenities, the competition does not offer to all guests. My goal is to engender a business that performs at a consistent profitable level, and as my four Sons finish their educational careers, it is my intention to integrate each one into different functions of the business. I would like the company to have acquired 25 new boats from the current single boat in the next 10 years, and grow by an average of $ 2million per year in revenue. I will need to impart teamwork, good communication, reliability and responsiveness to my team. Besides, I will recruit those who have a passion for diving and have shown credible track record in doing honest and ethical business. I will also motivate my employees by reviewing their monthly paychecks upwards. The new technology and social

Discussion and Respond Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion and Respond - Dissertation Example The company which I work for uses John Adair’s model of Action Centered Leadership. This model motivates the team as a whole to perform their task and achieve targets. This model encourages the achievement of goals as the only aim for the team and further enhances individual and team performance by creating new opportunities as they achieve their targets appropriately. Teams are formed and directed towards a goal as per their performance and individualistic performance is weighed against what is expected of individuals in their capacity as a part of the team. Herzberg’s theory or the motivation-hygiene theory is based on two factors which increase satisfaction of employees at the workplace on one hand and reduce the chances of dissatisfaction on the other. These factors motivate the employees to work and continue their relationship with the organization. This theory can be applied to my personal and recent experience with a local firm which is an owner managed small siz e corporation. The company provides challenging work, motivational incentives like bonuses and proper performance appraisals which provide a positive encouragement to all of us in continuing our jobs with full devotion and efficiency. The incentives both financial and non-financial act as a force which encourages us to perform better than our past and the challenging tasks and targets enable us to work harder.

Igor Stravinsky Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Igor Stravinsky - Essay Example The exploitation of these ideals and the exploration of how music reflected the time were the main initiatives that Stravinsky took with the compositions written during this time frame. Changing Culture of 1914-1918 The region of Europe and the exposure that was occurring within the arts during this time had one of the most influential aspects in terms of culture and politics. The several outbreaks of war, specifically which led through World War I, began to change the outlook of the artists that were in various countries. A sense of patriotism and pride toward the country was one of the growing influences that many of the artists began to look into. More important, there was a focus on the outbreaks and outcomes of the war and the destructions and victories which were associated with this. â€Å"The burden of the national ordeal and the wartime experiences led to the formation of a new worldview and a new self awareness†¦. On the one hand, the Great War became a touchstone for the humanistic yearnings of the intellectuals. On the other, it acted as a catalyst for new aesthetic directions. † The cultural direction which was influenced by the war then created a component of new expressions and values that most could work toward in building a different understanding of humanistic and political expressions. The expressions of culture were furthered by the political leaders and outlooks associated with this. Many of the artists of this time were interested in making a statement that either opposed or was for the patriotism that was within various regions of Europe. Before 1914, there was a movement that was based on anti – politics, specifically with those who either were patriotic or opposed the changes that were occurring within Europe. Social policies, conflicts of those who were involved in politics and the outcome from various groups led to different and opposing ideologies about the war and the political stance. Those involved in the politics, or which were opposed to this, were also interested in creating social change and statements that were reflective of the need to find new solutions. When the war began, this was heightened and became intensified by artists who were interested in a change with the politics. This either led to a sense of propaganda among the artists or opposed the reforms which were taking place2. Stravinsky and World War I The perspectives that Stravinsky held during 1914-1918 were pivotal in how he worked toward the creation of his music and the pieces which were associated with this. While he was from Russia and the Poland territory, there was also an international outlook which he held because of his recognition at this time. Before this time, Stravinsky was noted to have a more exploratory outlook with the works, such as through Pierrot Lunaire. While the exploration of music continued in 1914, there were several personal and cultural conflicts that changed the music. For instance, the funding for arts was more conservative because of the war, leaving many of the works unpublished unless they were more conservativ e in nature. Many of his works weren’t published until the 1920s when a sense of recovery began to occur in the country. This was combined with the understanding that a new culture was being born, specifically which Stravinsky saw through the destruction

Business Ethics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Ethics - Term Paper Example Business Ethics The other pressure that is involved is the fact that Doug had stated that the last person who had tried to raise the issue was sacked because of asking about the issue. That means that the job may be at risk and it could be lost if the management is not accommodative enough. In this situation, the questions that I would ask myself include the following, if there is an ethical issue at hand. The ethical issue that is under consideration is the fact that the bikes will not be effective and that may lead to loss of lives and other bad outcomes. The other thing I would do is to establish the key principles and values that are involved in the issue. The issues that are involved include the fact that the bike will be ineffective after 4 hours of usage. That can be checked to ensure that is a fact. The other thing would be to rank ethical principles that are relevant in the dilemma. The issues that can be ranked include the company’s profitability against the value of people’s lives. The other step would be to prepare an action plan that should be in line with the ethical principles. The action plan will be to suggest that the bikes be improved or totally scrapped off to ensure the safety of the users. After that, I would implement my plan laid down. I would not recommend that the company pays the special $5,000 for the pedal to be placed on shelves of shops. That is not legal and ethical. Every product should be placed on shelves at the will of the buyer but the shop owners should not demand a price for putting the products on the shelves. That may be viewed, as a bribe and it would not be ethical. The considerations that can be put in place are the reasons that are behind the payment of the special fee. Green Move Company should not apply the cost/benefit analysis on the safety of the product. The costs may be more adverse and also the life of a person is not something to gamble with and it should be the first consideration while the rest come last. The risks that are involved include the company being sued for more money in case there is a loss that occurs and it becomes associated with the manufacture of the zero pedals. The other risk is the fact that the company may lose its reputation and that will be a risk factor because that will imply that the products that the company will sell in the future may not be considered by the customers. Question B Every organization should be a different entity from the affiliate companies and the owners. The owner of a company cannot be judged because of something that may have happened in his or her company. That also applies to the companies that are associated with a supply chain. A supply chain will involve wholesalers and retailers. All the businesses that are found in the supply chain are independent not unless they are owned by the same company. That means that each company transacts its businesses independent of any other business. In the case of the agreement between Green move and solar group, the agreement is not legally binding. The agreement is one that interferes with the internal affairs of another company and that means that the independence of the other company is interfered with. Anything that happens in another company can not affect

Aging Population and Its Effects on Job Market, Healthcare Research Paper

Aging Population and Its Effects on Job Market, Healthcare - Research Paper Example   Population aging is a problem of the future, as noted by Michaelis and Debus (2010). There is the likelihood that the elderly groups will double by 2050. There is a compelling need to ensure that people grow old with dignity and security. The old generation needs to participate in social life just like other citizens with full rights. Rights accorded to the senior citizens should not be inconsistent with other groups so that a reciprocal intergenerational relationship is encouraged. Aging has a direct impact on the job market, given that improved life expectancy will influence someone's decision to remain employed.The aging process is strongly linked to changes in income and earnings of persons nearing retirement age. Several factors have been proposed to influence the labor force decisions of older people as compared to the younger generation. Such factors include changing preferences for leisure, deteriorating health conditions and constraints in demand concerning the availabil ity of part-time employment opportunities in semi-retirement. The old age is seen to be less responsive to changes in the workplace. Employers are also unlikely to hire older people or sustain them for long at workplaces. The change in priorities of both aged working group and employers is more likely to cause shortages in the labor market. For example, in the medical profession, there is a large number of aging professionals who opt to retire. These decisions create a vacancy and lack of smooth transition in places of work.

World War I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World War I - Essay Example The rise of pan-Slavism and consequent rise of German nationalism also played a great role in enhancing the war combined with imperialism and militarism (Sammis, 2002). The American government first remained neutral until 1917 when it entered the war due to pressure from the German military that were sinking ships on Britain waters. The American President Woodrow Wilson was very instrumental in ending the war in 1918, and in designing the Treaty of Versailles as well as forming the League of Nations. The paper will discuss the events that led to the war and the events that followed. European nations before the war employed imperialist policy. According to Spielvogel (2009) by 19th century, Britain had 5 continents while France occupied large areas of Africa. The Britain and France occupied huge tracts of land hence creating rivalry with German which began to scramble for the remaining parts of Africa. The colonizers were undergoing a period of industrialization hence saw the new colo nies as a source of labor and market for finished goods. Imperialism created a lot of rivalry and tension among nations as they competed for power. Most of the colonized people were under the power of colonizers and followed the rules of the colonizing state. However, the Slavic states yearned for freedom from the controlling states. They formed a cultural and political movement in the 19th century known as pan-Slavism which united all the Slavic. The movement got support from Russia whose main aim was to extend its rule over Slavic people (Stone, 2009). The nations also felt threatened by their counterparts hence wanted to unite their people so that in case of war, the states would fight against a common enemy. The attack on German speaking central Europe by France in Napoleonic wars instilled a sense of nationalism (Sammis, 2002). Bismarck had the idea of uniting Germany but Austria which had much power was resistant. Bismarck used diplomacy to create an atmosphere for war between Austria and Prussia and reinforced Prussian army so as to defeat Austria thereby relinquishing its position to Prussia. France was unhappy with the defeat hence waged war on Prussia but had no allies as opposed to Prussia which was supported by all German states. France was defeated and lost two provinces Alsace and Lorraine to Germany hence tension between the two nations (Stone, 2009). German was unified in 1871 under Prussian rule with Wilhelm as the new emperor. Austria began concentrating on the Balkans hence forming the Austro-Hungarian Monarch. The Balkan war in 1912-1913 saw their freedom from Turkish control but a conflict of interest by Russia and Austro-Hungary. The nations in order to outdo each other and in preparation for war engaged in arms race and gave the army and military a lot of power in controlling government policy. Spielvogel (2009, p.534) notes that the European military machines had doubled in size between 1890 and 1914. The German empire led by Bismarck e ngaged in massive shipbuilding in order to produce large naval fleet than Britain. In 1914, Britain had 49 battleships while German had 29 (Duffy, 2009). New highly destructive weapons such as; submarines, tanks, and poison gas were made which worsened the war. The readiness for war culminated into alliances. Various alliances were formed by the powers to help each other in case of war and to protect themselves from potential threats. Heyman (1997) observes that the prime ministers, foreign ministers and military leaders were crucial in the formation and dissolution of alliances. For example,

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Example for Free

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay We watched two different versions of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream. The first version we watched was from the BBC. This version showed the dream world mixed in with reality, which was quite good. The second version of this play was by channel 4. This was a little less detailed as it showed the forest with lights hanging down. The accents of the actors in the first version were hard to understand because they were from all over England. The first version was also hard to understand because the actors did not use very good body language. The first version also good in the way that it made its forest so life like, well as in the second version it was plain and had doorways in the middle from where people came from. The language use was easier to understand than the second version because the actors used more present English rather than old Shakespeare language. I think that the second version we watched was more suited to children rather than adults because it contained childish humour. When Puck gave Bottom a donkeys head it looked quite unrealistic in the first version because it looked like a rabbit. In the second version Bottoms ass head was good because it actually looked a little realistic. In the second version when Bottom and Titania fell in love, I think they went a bit over the top with the love scene. The first version of the play showed the dream world mixed with reality because Puck made it easy to see who was in the dream world and who wasnt. The strange thing about the second version was having the little boy as a narrator. I think that may confuse people because they have now added another world to the whole story. There is now reality in the film, the dream world and reality in our world. When the first version showed the play by Bottom and his friends it seemed unpracticed and shabby. The second play showed a little humour by adding people forgetting their lines and the good roaring by the lion. They actually performed on a stage which was more appropriate for the occasion. In the first version they had to perform on the floor. If the actors were performing in front of a Duke and a Duchess then the performers should be given a proper performing stage. I think the second version of the play was by far the best because it had better acting and it showed some humour. In the first version I did not like it how the audience could sense the presence of the dream world. After Bottom and his friends had acted I did not understand why Puck had led all of the fairies through the corridors of the house. I think I prefer the second version of the play because I think it is more suited to my age group and plus I understood it a lot better than the first version. This is because it used present English and it used better body language.

Impact of Minimalism on Post-minimalist Movements

Impact of Minimalism on Post-minimalist Movements Early in 1960, Minimalism was as an abstract movement in the subject art. It also dismissed the very idea of both subjective as well as relational painting, the intricacy of Abstract expressionist facade, as well as the other elements of action painting such as the poignant polemics and zeitgeist. Minimalism debated upon the point that excessive simplicity captures the entire sublime representation which is a prerequisite in the art. Minimalism in painting is linked with painters like Frank Stella. It is opposed to the modernist movement but can be further interpreted as a forerunner to the post modern movement. Process Art During the mid 1960s, Process Art was regarded as a creative movement in Europe and the US. The drip paintings of Jackson Pollock have its roots. On the other hand, the employment of the blessing has marked coherence with Dada. The prominent themes in the process of art movement are transience and change. As per the Guggenheim Museum, in the year 1968, Robert Morris had a revolutionary exhibition and essay ascertaining the movement . The process artists were also a part of the issues attendant to the body, the improvisation and the random occurrences, as well as the liberating qualities of certain nontraditional materials like latex, wax and felt. Various techniques such as hanging, cutting and dropping and other organic processes like condensation, growth, decomposition or freezing is used to create various irregular, erratic and anomalous forms. Land Art Land art or earth art as an art movement gained popularity in the US in the late 1960s and 70s. Robert Smithson also called it as earthworks. In this form of art, the art work and the landscape are linked accordingly. Further, such form of art is created using natural paraphernalia like soil, pebbles, rocks (boulders, stones and bed rocks), other organic materials such as branches, leaves, logs and water, along with the introduced materials like metals, concrete, asphalt, other mineral pigments etc. The landscape is considered as the means of creation and hence the sculptures are not placed in it. Many a times, the earth moving equipment is also involved. The works are located away from the civilization and most often, exist in the open, in order to abrade under the natural conditions. The initial works, created in the deserts of New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona and Utah are only present as photographs and video recordings as these were evanescent in nature. THE MOST RADICAL CHALLENGE TO TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS OF SCULPTURE The perceptual as well as structural changes in the forms define a new movement in the art. The changes further make the movement innovative. However, if we consider Robert Morris essays Notes on Sculpture, then the prominent changes in the form are just the distinct extensions of a mere change in the relevance. Post the year 1945, changes in global politics and the recognition of a mans disastrous capacity as witnessed via holocaust and other atomic warfare had sparked off a restructuring of the relevance in art. The other gestural and organic forms of Abstract Expressionism were a result of the surrealism of the years of pre-war, similarly like the art of the 1950s era, which held a place of prominence for almost a decade. Further, the art of 1960s also witnessed an innovative restructuring, which was based upon a change in theoretical, social and other various political practices. The stirring art of the 1950s, 60s and 70s found relevance in the necessity of reconstituting the object as art. Moreover, a new stress upon the object, the adjuration of the allusion as well as metaphor, also finds its traces in several movements of the 60s as well as 70s. The conventional and traditional forms of painting and sculpture had also undergone a transformation. Moreover, the artistic expression of new forms of Fluxes and Conceptual Art also witnessed a restructuring. In 1960s and 1970s, the Post Minimalism and Minimalism as well as the land art forms of sculpture came into existence. These underwent a complete transformation in terms of perception, form and structure. The contemporary concepts of sculpture were contributed by each movement, individually. Minimalism being the first among the movements, called to question the various traditional concepts of spatial concerns, figuration and the originality of the artist. Moreover, by conducting an investigation of the change in the form as well as to how the change in the minimalist sculpture was viewed upon, its evident that the most vital challenge to the traditional concepts of sculpture were provided by Minimalism and further, these also served as the effects on the aesthetics of Post-Minimalism and Land Art. Minimalism helped in bringing the concepts of sculpture which were traditional in nature, so as to understand the challenge. It made the understanding of the arts under the category of Minimalism. The beginning of Minimalism in the year 1960s was a jargon which was associated with 5 various artists:- Donald Judd, Robert Morris, Dan Flavin, Carl Andre, and Sol LeWitt. In spite of the fact that the work of all the artists had same and general attributes, none of them accepted the title of Minimalist, probably for the reason that it connoted a reduction in the form. Further, the attributes which governed the Minimalist art were theoretical as well as formal as minimalism stripped the personal forms, gestures and focus on the object. The changes towards essential and strong forms was a denial of the illusory and the descriptive work during 1950s and was further expressed via using geometric and other rigid patterns. Since the symmetrical and geometrical are the kind of forms which are ea sily perceived in ones mind, Morris states that the stress upon Geometric was a pretty natural tendency while one drives towards a higher concreteness. The evolution from the gestural and illusory forms during the 1950 does justify the three dimensionality of Minimalist art. In his essay Specific Objects, Donald Judd tells that the three-dimensionality of works forms an original space and also removes the obstacle of illusion which is found in the conventional forms of European artistic tradition. Though the application of perspective helps in creating an allusion of space in the painting, the three dimensional forms on the other hand, help in removing every kind of allusion, thereby just leaving behind the object. Judds ideas were not new concepts entirely. The concern of Minimalist for the object got originated in flags and targets of Jasper Johns who discarded the figure-ground relationship which was found in the traditional paintings by making the extension of the object represented at the canvas edges and by blurring the lines in between the objects and subjects represented. The discarding of the figure ground relationship was done by Frank Stella who deployed the notion that a painting is just what one sees and his painting was based upon the same. Judd and Stella also laid emphasis upon the sentiment of wholeness in their work. The whole idea for Stella was a complete visual work and to view the whole idea was to view the paint on the canvas. Donald Judds work on the other hand required maintenance of a sense of wholeness, which he believed was lacking in the traditional form of sculptures. Judd in his writings on new sculptures of 1960s asserts that the image, shape, surface and color are not scattered or dispersed, but are rather single in the Minimalist sculpture. Further, there are no moderations in parts and areas, as well as any sort of transitional and connections areas. Nothing is neutral as well. Judd also worked upon the simple and plain forms in order to create unity in the pieces. Moreover, his notion of wholeness via structure and form was also exemplified in the year 1969. Despite the fact that the work comprised ten separate forms which were attached to the wall, all the forms were regarded and read as one piece . The unity to work is also provided by monochrome copper surface as well as the geometric forms repetition. Further, the space in between the mounted units reverberate the measurements of ten copper forms and are read as an element of the sculpture. The Untitled 1969 still remains like an object, inhabiting the three dimensional area of the gallery. During the 1960s, Judd laid stress on the three-dimensionality as well as a prominent aspect of the aesthetic minimalist sculptural, which was involved with the extremely popular theoretical and philosophical practices of structuralism and phenomenology during 60s. Further, the investigation of the functions of a form in space and that how a human beings behavior is resolved by different structures was the basic aspect of the minimalist sculpture. Moreover, Minimalism not only focused upon both, the object as well as how an art object is ancillary to its environment, context and placement for its reception and meaning. Minimalist sculpture and its relationship with the spatial environment is probably the most profound challenge which the Minimalism had presented to already existing ideas of sculpture. Minimalism left the focus on verticality by fully discarding the plinth and focused on the horizontality of forms, unlike the traditional sculptures which were represented as abiding their very space on the plinth. The shocking work by Carl Andre, Equivalent 1966 had replaced the plinth with a certain sculpture which re-echoed the shape of plinth. The sculpture abolishes the traditional beliefs of vertical, upright and figurative representation of the sculpture, as it is made from mass produced firebricks and is placed in horizontal rows. The viewer can inhabit the temporary space, as its placed on the floor directly and is also removed from the plinth for there remains no spatial difference in the gallery floor, the art work and the space inhabited by the onlooker. By eliminating the base and shifting the directionality of sculpture, Minimalism drastically altered the relationship not only between the sculpture and the surrounding space but also the relationship between the sculpture and the viewer. Minimalist sculpture also examined various other phenomenological sensations via structure and material of work, apart from exploring the spatial relationships and three dimensionality. Dan Flavin makes use of light to create space and to articulate in his work Monument for V. Tatlin, 1966. Flavin examines the creation as well as continuing of the space via elaborate plays on shadow and light. The sculptures castes a phenomenological affect on the onlooker as the effects of color and light changes the space which is inhabited by the sculpture. Monument for V. Tatlin, 1966 highlights the interest of Minimalist in using new industrial materials similarly Like Andres Equivalent VIII, 1966, but it also lacks specificity of origin. The materials produced in mass such as metal sheets, fluorescent bulbs and firebricks aided the Minimalist artists in creating works where the artists presence was obscure. The Minimalist aesthetic tends to be inclined towards an artists persona, unlike Abstract Expressionism. It was geared more towards the artists absence and also offered a thorough disconnection in between the work and the artist. The Minimalist artists Donald Judd and Sol Le Witt created a sculpture with the approach of anti-rationalism where the expressions of the artist were the most important, rather than the way of expressing them. Perhaps this was the influence of the 1979s Barthes text Death of the Author. The impersonality of the Minimalist aesthetic is exemplified by the Five Open Geometric Structures. Sol LeWitt, in his w ork has maintained a notion of impersonality by carving detailed instructions of the art works which are needed to be carried out by his assistants. LeWitt also created instructions for the forms in the Five Open Geometric Structures, but he didnt took part in any of the aspect of their construction. The artists correlation with the work was eliminated completely, thus leading to a drastic makeover of the artists physical presence in the work of Jackson Pollock and the Abstract Expressionists. For claiming Minimalism as one of the most fundamental affront of the traditional sculpture, it is necessary to also examine Minimalism in the historical context which is much wider. During the 1960s Minimalism was regarded as the new sculpture. It was also essential to recognize that the contents of Minimalism were also present in the earlier as well as the other artistic movements. The focus of Minimalisms on the object was a notion which was also pioneered by Jasper Johns. Exploring the spa ce and other scenarios can also be traced to various other artists and sculptors, which also include Anthony Caro, the one who challenged traditional sculptures verticality. The boxes of Joseph Cornell were not similar to that of Donald Judds cubes as far as exploring the phenomenological was concerned as the former was working on smaller scale. Minimalism was made fundamental by the combination of the ideas that were brought forth via earlier forms of sculpture and the fact that the combination of these ideas was manifested in just a single aesthetic sculpture. Therefore the notions of visual and form perception were brought together by Minimalism, which at the same time also examined the philosophical and theoretical guidelines of anti-rationalism, phenomenology and structuralism, by making use of the new industrial materials. The Land art can also be read as highly fundamental sculpture during 60s and 70s, if the association of phenomenological with immensity is recalled, in spit e of the formal differences of traditional sculpture and a reference to the ecological movements and the contemporary environment. CONCLUSION By determining the impact of Minimalism upon Post-Minimalist movements of the late 60s and 70s as well as Land Art, it is evident that though Minimalism was deprived off its stimulus during the late 1960s, the reactions as well as the ideas of the movement afflicted the forms which were assumed by the later sculpture. Morris in his essay Notes on Sculpture, explains that art undergoes constant changes in its structure and perception. His notion of the perpetual change is considered the best way of examining a basic impact of Minimalism upon the traditional notions of sculpture. The emergence of minimalism during 1960s also witnessed a rise of civil rights and feminist liberation. However, despite a change in the form, the idea of the process and the Vietnam war was regarded as a completely different era unlike the consumer -oriented and the conservative one. The 1960s object of primary importance was replaced by the notion of fragment and process. Minimalism had to suffer due to a re structuring of the probable relevance of the object. However in spite of the change in the form and implementing the new materials, the creations after 1960s used the knowhow of Minimalist aesthetic and hence the involvement and understanding of Minimalism and Land Artist , as well as Post-Minimalists describes the influence of radical Minimalism for creation of sculptures during the 1960s and 70s era.

Development of the Korean film industry

Development of the Korean film industry CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This dissertation consists of six chapters. The first chapter gives a detailed background of the Korean Film Industry, its origin and development and how it has led to the so-called ‘Korean wave or ‘Korean fever†. It also explains this term in order to give a better understanding of the title. The next chapter consists of literature review, which will form the basis of the findings and the conclusion. The third chapter is a case study, I which the top films of Korea will be discussed and compared with some top Chinese films. The fourth chapter will go on to explain the methodology that will be used in this dissertation to facilitate the findings and arrive at the conclusion. It will explain the methods used in the research and the research questions around which the dissertation revolves. The third and fourth chapters will form the crux of this dissertation. The next chapter provides the findings and analysis of the study based on mostly on the literature review and the research method used. This chapter will deal with the analysis and evaluation of the Korean film industry with respect to the Chinese market and provide the answers to the research questions posed in the previous chapter. The last chapter, that is chapter six, will provide a conclusion, that is, a result of the findings and will be followed by recommendations to ensure that the Korean film industry continues to grow. 1.1 Background A countrys film industry represents the culture, and lifestyles of the people living in that country. The Korean fever or Korea wave is normally regarded as the substantially enhanced popularity of South Korean culture all over the world. Besides, it is regarded as Hallyu (Hangul:; Hanja RR: Hallyu), from the Korean pronunciation. In this connection, this term was coined in China in the middle of 1999 by journalists in Beijing, China, surprised by the rapid increase in the popularity of contemporary South Korean culture as well as entertainment business in mainland China. The Korean film industry represents the film industries of North Korea and South Korea. While both these countries have relatively strong film industries, only the South Korean Industry has been able to achieve international acclaim and recognition. The North Korean film industry still revolves around topics like communism and revolutionary ideas. As is the case with all other industries and aspect of life in Korea, its film industry has also had to endure the heavy influence of political incidents. Be it the Joseon Dynasty or the Korean War, the governmental influence is evident in the Korean cinema. Since the beginning, the Korean film industry revolved around such scenarios as politics, wars, and even the activities of the government. A number of variables, such as the impact of the strategies undertaken by the most successful Hollywood film producers, the availability of a large budget, and the quality of the films produced in Korea, itself had a profound influence on the film industry of Korea. 1.2 Development of the Korean Film Industry The first movie theatre of Korea was established in 1903. Before the existence of this movie theatre, the European and American films kept the Korean film screens occupied. Not only this, but in the period 1926-1930, it was the Japanese who owned, and operated the Korean cinemas. It was during this time that a series of films were launched, that provided the beginning of quality films in China. Despite the fact that the film industry of Korea was at its peak in the 1950s, yet in the 1970s and 1980s with the countrys rapid economic growth, the Korean government was under pressure to liberalize is import policies and financial markets for all industries. The film industry had depended upon the quota system to gain screen time for its product and to make sure a certain amount of revenue. The production of the Hollywood blockbuster films, itself, was a continuous threat to the film industry of Korea, not only in terms of its decreasing market share, but also down to the question of its survival. The market share was witnessing a downward trend because the Korean films were produced with a low budget and low quality in the face of the blockbuster films produced by Hollywood. As a result, the market share had dropped to as low as 15% in the late 1980s. However, soon after that, the transformation of Korean film industry had started, and Korean cinema earned recognition as a commercial cinema outside the country after the success of the blockbusters, such as the film â€Å"Shiri†. The movie was produced in 1999, and captured an audience of approximately 5 million people, making it to the top of the South Korean films. The film was so successful that it broke the records for the all time favourite, â€Å"Titanic†, and welcomed the entry of the many film prod ucers who were keen to produce internationally repudiated films for Korea. In the process, the market share of the Korean films rose to 39.7%. A number of Korean films followed the league of â€Å"Shiri†, and the fact that the government had introduced a new legislation, allowing a two day weekend for the Koreans, gave rise to the success of the Korean cinemas. In the process, the film industry of Korea was reported to grow by approximately 18% each year, and according to a variety of sources, in a period of nine years only, the market share of the Korean films had grown from 15% to 45.2%. This was taken as a good omen by many of the most successful moviemakers of Hollywood who immediately stepped in the film industry of Korea, in order to obtain licenses so as to reproduce those Korean films that had been the most successful on the box office. In these connections, the relations between national cinema and history is refraction, fluid rather than reflection, and what is intriguing about contemporary Korean cinema is how the shared political history of the 1980s has become a commercial lure for the audience. Recently, the popularity of the Korean films, Korean music, and even Korean dramas has been increasing in Asia, with the Chinese being the major viewers of such Korean television programs. With such immense success and popularity of the Korean TV programs in countries such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, along with other parts of Asia, it is not unusual to find the influence of the Korean culture and traditions, as portrayed on the Korean screens, on the Asians. Due to this rapid spread of the Korean lifestyle, and culture in most of the Asian countries especially china, the Chinese used the word â€Å"Hallyu† to refer to the influence of Korean culture in other countries primarily through the media. This had been initiated by the broadcasting of â€Å"Daejanggeum†, a Korean drama, which made China the greatest victim of the Korean influence in 2005. Soon after, a number of articles on the new Korean wave began to be featured in journals, magazines, news papers, etc. It was even believed that the major reason for the Korean influence lies in the fact that the Korean government took advantage of the Korean screens to step out of the financial crisis, thus taking major steps to promote their film industry, and export their films. The fact that China and Korea share some similarities, not only in terms of their culture, but also down to civilizations and philosophies, explains such a deep impact of the Korean films on the Chinese. Today, both North Korea and South Korea have extremely flourished film industries. However, when it comes to global acclaim, it is undoubtedly film industry of South Korea which seems to capture the international market. The movies of North Korea focus more on rebellious, radical and insurgent themes. 1.2 Structure The aim of this research is to evaluate and analyze the relative success of the Korean film industry, and the influence of the Korean cultures in many of the Asian countries, especially China. The focus of this thesis is attempting to summarize and analyze whether and how this Korean wave is shaped in China mainland market and how it has impacted to Chinese audiences by critically commenting the latest top five Korean movies compared with the latest top five Chinese movies, reviewing the previous research findings and performing box-office performance analysis in the captured period. This will give information as to how the Korean film industry has impacted the population of China. It also aims to analyze the factors that have led to the Korean fever, and to what extent have the Chinese been influenced as the Korean traditions become prevalent in China, and other parts of Asia. The area of the research will mainly focus on the Korean film industry, as well as the film industry of China, since the top movies produced by both the countries will be compared. The area of the research will also include the other Asian countries, and the Korean cinema influence on their activities. The research objectives involve analyzing the performance of the Korean movies and the impact that they have had on Asian markets, in particular, China. The research methodology The data in this thesis is analyzed using a variety of sources. First of all, the box office performance is analyzed over the recent period, the data obtained from the Korean Film Council. The data captured from this source helped assess the market performance of the Korean films. The data is further broken down into sub-periods in order to evaluate the dynamics of the Korean films market performance. Finally, appropriate statistical techniques are used to assist our analysis. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The Korean Wave The â€Å"Korean Wave† or hallyu ( í•Å"ë ¥Ëœ) refers to the time period of 1990s, when Korean culture was internationally visible, not only in East Asia but even countries like United States saw a rapid surge of Korean values. Television serials, pop music, feature films and other musical forms are all part of the wave phenomenon. As the Korean wave is associated with the spread of Korean culture, it is referred as both national and a trans-national phenomenon. A great number of researched have been conducted to evaluate why and how pop culture of Korea was famous in other countries. These two regarding the success of Korean wave are distinct but not so related to each other. When government use sales figures of other countries to measure the success of Korean wave, overseas consumers are considered the arbiters of Korean culture. This signifies the ironic impact of the success of Korean culture; not only people in Korea but non Korean consumers are also being entertained by the Korean media. Infact, it was a Chinese journalist who coined the term ‘Korean wave or (hanliu éŸ © æ µ ) to describe the surprising effect of the rapid increase in popularity of contemporary South Korean culture as well as entertainment business in mainland China. Researchers believe that Korean wave is the interaction of many fields. The variable of pop culture existing in phenomenon of Korean wave has allowed it to be studied in cultural studys field (Chua and Iwabuchi 2008; Howard 2006). It is also studied along the dimensions of marketing and business, as government, promoters and corporate agents were selling the Korean culture as a commodity in the international arena. (Cho and Kang 2005; Han and Lee 2008; Kim and others 2008; Lee, Scott, and Kim 2008). It was also evaluated as being an important concept in the political arena. The Korean government undertook measures like subsidizing the cost of reediting for the international market. Such policies and regulations by government ensured that the Korean film industry expanded successfully in other countries. (Chua and Iwabuchi 2008, 28). Suddenly, Korean government started using pop star figures to attract tourists. (Yu-Shan Lin and Hwang 2008). 2.2 Growth of The Korean Culture In 2003, when a Korean drama serial ‘ Winter Sonata was broadcasted by Japaneses stations, it quickly became popular. Suddenly, yhe Korean mass culture gained popularity in Asian countries ( HAN, 2004:124-125) along with the word Hallyu. The word Hallyu was then associated not only with the rapid spread of Korean culture but also with the economc boom in Korea. According to G, a researcher at SAMSUNG Economic Research Institutute, Korean wave or Hallyu was developed through four stages. In the first stage, Korean culture became popular with the increased production of films, and dramas. Second stage signified the increasing demand of products associated with the famous pop idols. In the third stage, people moved on to buy Korean goods and services like electronic products which were not directly related to pop stars. People perceived a desirable impression of Korea in the fourth stage of Hallyus developmental; cycle. 2.3 Changes in Korean Domestic Market Okon Hwang and Hillary Finchum-Sung are two researchers who were concerned with the the effects of Korean Wave on the local market. Essay written by Okon Hwang title ‘No ‘Korean Wave Here: Western Classical Music and the Changing Value System in South Korea attempts to evaluate and analyze the positive impact of changing the flow of information on the successful expansion of a countrys culture. According to statistics, there has been a rapid increase in the Korean TV programs exported since 1988. This growth rate of export was more evident during the spread of Korean wave and with a sudden decrease in the foreign TV program in Korea. Since the launch of broadcasting industry in Koreas, majority of the shows broadcasted were American programs. Factors like lack of technical skills, experience and technological equipments hindered the production and the broadcast of local TV shows. The national broadcasting station of Korea was established in 1961, and since then it was dependent on foreign TV programs to fulfill the entertainment needs of the population. It was America that introduced TV sets, radio, transmitters and colored became possible when international firms gained a consensus to stop the manufacturing of monochrome TV sets. (JOUNG AND JANG, 2000:142) An audience rating survey in 1996 reflected that American programs were most popular among the Korean population. The time allotted to the broadcast of these shows increased till mid 1970s, after which more local TV programs were broadcasted. Although American TV shows like wonder women, six million dollar man, bionic woman were very popular during 1970s, but at the same time local shows increased in quality and the audience rating for them surged rapidly. A fall in the import of American TV programs was not only due to the improvement in production and broadcasting technology, but government regulations contributed significantly to reduce imports. An order of military government to broadcast limited number of shows resulted in a competitive race between the broadcasting stations where each and every station was striving hard to increase the ratings of domestic shows. The audience rating thereby, compelled broadcasting stations to improve the quality of local shows, develop a better infrastructure and acquire superior equipments. Moreover, Asian games and Olympics held in Seoul contributed a lot in increasing the audience rating of the local programs. While Korean TV shows gained popularity in 1980s, the market share of Korean films did not increase till 1990s. From the 200 movies that were produced during 1970s, only a few of them were able to break the records. Contrasting to the broadcasting industry, film industry produced movies since 1960s and was exposed to the stringent control and regulations by government. The government not only controlled the production and distribution facilities of films, but the censor department limited the freedom expression by controlling the content of movies. The establishment of the ‘law of cinema reduced the number of production firms from 70 to less than 20 and import restriction made it difficult to acquire imports without the permission of government. The year 1984 proved to be a turning point for the Korean film industry. It was during this year that censorship standards and import regulations were revised. Moviemakers were able to release movies simply after filling a permission fo rm and foreign films gained an entry in the Korean market escalating the competition level. CHANGES IN BROADCASTING REGULATIONS AND POLICIES: The following section has categorized the growth of Korean broadcasting industry into five stages and explains the policies of government during those stages. In the pre-takeoff stage, the TV broadcasting was not considered very important. A small number of studios existed and number of TV viewers was also limited. Authoritarian regimes existed in Korea during this pre-takeoff stage and throughout this time local media was used according to government objectives and mission. Only those dramas and movies were broadcasted which were I n line with the aims of the government. The interests of state were valued more than the interests of public( KWAK 2009). The government controlled the entry, the content and the distribution channels as well. The laws such as ‘practice outline, ‘administrative advice and ‘purification of the broadcast ensured that government controlled each and every stage of broadcasting from production to distribution of movies and dramas. In 1945, the Japanese movies, music and dramas were banned in Korea which compelled local broadcasting stations to improve the local dramas. During the transition from pre-take off to take off 1 stage, the broadcasting stations expanded rapidly, and government started imposing rules and regulations. The government control was also backed up by the military control of the government. In the takeoff stage 2, all stations were unified into two networks. In the maturity stage, the democratization of politics greatly affected the cultural industry. Commercial broadcaster entered the industry and government viewed this industry as a potential one in terms of supporting the economy. There was a shift in paradigm and government undertook several policies in 1990 to support the industry. Ownership for commercial broadcasting Outsourcing production programs was allowed Human resource training of broadcasting professional Participation in trade fairs was encouraged A broadcast video industry promotion plan was introduced All these policies supported the broadcasting industry to move from the maturity to the expansion stage. EFFECTS OF POLICIES The control of foreign flow of information and the supporting policies contributed immensely to the growth of the cultural industry. Allowing the outsourcing of production programs meant that there an increase in the independent production companies which created a competitive environment causing different station to find ways to increase the quality and standard of services if they were to remain in the industry. The infrastructure facilities supported the growth of small firms which handled operation for the independent companies. The ban of Japanese programs proved as an incentive for the local producers. However, some other government policies like increasing the participation in trade fairs was not effective as many negotiations were done outside the fair. The direct financial supported did not have any significant impact on the export of domestic programs as large proportion of it was given to the documentary programs. CHANGES IN THE FILM INDUSTRY This section has grouped the development of film industry in four stages. The film industry existed for many years unlike the broadcasting industry. Expanding the domestic market size of film industry proved to be difficult because of the different economic environment of the film industry. The advertisements were the most important source of revenue for the broadcasting industry, thereby it was related to economic development of country. However, the souce of revnue for the film industry was sales in box office and for that it was neccsary to produce some block buster movies. In the pre- takeoff stage, government introduce ‘ law of cinema to support the industry. It believed that it was important to increase the size of production companies and for that it restricted the entry in film industry. It became essential for companies to have a certaing amount of production facilities and equipments before they could enter. Moreover the policies related to censorship made it difficult to export film in foreign countries. In the take off stage, theatre entrance fees was increased, which contributed to the expansion of market size. Although the strict policies of censor existed as well as other governments controls, still the market was seen to expand with just the increase in entrance fees. In 1984, when restrictions were removed, the film industry moved to the maturity stage with number of film companies increasing, talented people were attracted and it appealed the electronic companies as well. Foreign distribution companies entered the local market, increasing the standard of competition. In the expansion stage, the quality of Korean movies increased significantly and various Korean movies won international awards. EFFECTS OF POLICIES. The introduction of screen quota system ensured that a certain budget and screening time was allocated to movies. The educational support by Korean Academy of Film Arts supprted the industry by providing talented actors. Indirect financial system such as loans proved to be an incetive for moviemakers. The foreign distribution policies such as supporting filmmakers to participate in international festivals helped in making global networks. 2.4 Positive Effects of the Korean Wave As mentioned above, Korean government contributed a lot towards the development of the Korean wave. The government aided the media industries, broadcasting stations and networks to expand and promote the Korean pop culture internationally. The main aim behind this action was to boost up the Korean economy and develop a positive national image. The government was successful in achieving both of the aims. Korean pop stars attracted attention of viewers all over the world. Korean government took advantage of their increasing popularity and used them to gain attention for other commercial sectors such as the tourism sector of Korea. The success of TV drams like â€Å"Winter Sonata† attracted tourist from around the world who visited Korea especially to see places where this drama was filmed. Businesses like travel agents were also taking advantage of the situation by customizing the themes of group tours according to the themes of different dramas for e.g. a tour was titled â€Å"Best of Korean drama trailer deluxe tour†. Pop idols or drama stars revolutionized the consumer culture of Korea. Food and fashion trends (including make-up, clothing) were changing and consumers all over Korea were suddenly following their favorite drama stars. Theses consumers called themselves the members of ‘Korean tribe. Consumers not only imitated the fashion style of their idols but went ahead to look like their idols with the help of plastic surgery. The posters and pictures of Korean stars were seen everywhere, from backpacks to notebooks and the wall. For example, Inlingua school in Singapore reported a 60% increase in the number of students willing to learn Korean in 2003 as compared to 2001 because of the attention generated by Korean movies and dramas. Almost every organization in the Korean economy benefitted from Korean wave. Pop stars were used to sell different goods and service. Celebrity endorsements were used extensively to promote superior brand image. Pop idols took advantage of their gaining popularity through several means. According to news, Actor Kwon Sang Woo charged $200 for some seats at a fan meeting in Tokyo. Tickets were also auctioned online for as much as $500. Moreover, according to a match making service, the role of pop stars as being romantic lovers led to the perception Korean men were generally like that in real life as well. It was due to this fact that more than 6400 female required match making services to find suitable Korean lover for them. The impact of the Korean wave was not only limited to the Korean economy, but it affected the lives of pop idols themselves. After Korean wave, Korean male celebrities like , Bae Yong Joon were one of the highest paid actors in the worldwide film industry. There are some positive impacts associated with the consideration of Korean wave as a transnational phenomenon. Apart from earning foreign currency for the local economy, it helped in improving the foreign relations of Korea. Korea had a long history of diplomatic frictions with the neighboring countries. Korean soldiers fought against the Liberation Army of Vietnam and it established ties with Beijing in 1992 at the cost of its relations with Taipei. 2.5 Negative Effects of the Korean Wave Korean wave has been criticized due to several reasons. It isbelieved that it was introduction of foreign films in Korean cinemas that threatened the Korean culture. According to a Chinese news magazine, government of South Korea was representing its culture as the essence of Asian culture. Before the Korean wave, classical music has been a part of cultural accomplishments and was a source of pride for the Korean population. But after the Korean wave, classical music and culture was suddenly replaced by the pop culture. Increasing Demand for the pop culture was no longer considered a problem and government exported it to foreign countries. There was an overall change in the conceptual framework as the Ministry of Sports and tourism promoted venues and advertising campaigns by incorporating classical and pop culture. Finchum-Sung explained how the dynamics of these new measures resulted in the formation of new form of cultural production. The neighbouring countries of Korea undertook several measures to protect their own entertainment industry. Chinese media limited the amount of time for the broadcast of Korean dramas. The government of Vietnam also threatened to ban Korean shows if the number of Vietnamese shows on Korean television was not increased. Taiwan also considered limiting the foreign shows played on national television. All these examples prove that countries were retaliating against the success of Korean wave. 2.6 The Korean Wave in China and Japan The development of the Korean wave phenomenon was most evident in China and Japan because of several reasons. The culture of Korea, China and Japan are very similar to each other. the Korean wave initially began in China, which is the most attractive and profitable market for the Korean products. Japan also happens to be the biggest consumer market of Asia. According to Jung, Japanese TV dramas were creatively transformed for the production of Korean dramas which contributed immensely to the increasing popularity of Korean dramas among young people all over Asia, including Japan and China (Iwabuchi 2008, 153). In fact the concept of Korean wave has generated a new dimension in the one way flow of globalization and researchers have been forced to revise it (Kim Sujeong 2009; Jeon and Yoon 2005). Korean wave is an appropriate example of mutual circulation of cultural values between the non-western countries. It questions the existing theories relating to the belief that information flows from western to non-western countries. According to the imperialism theory, capitalist societies of west have threatened the growth of non-western cultures and have homogenized them. (Schiller, 1976, 1991; Hamelink, 1983; Mattelart, 1984). Even during 1970s the unilateral structure of information flow was based on dependency theory suggesting that information was sent by First World countries and received by Third World countries. In 1980s, some new approaches developed with the growth of media in Korea. These new approaches extended the application of imperialism domination to the field of communication technology. However, this was also criticized by researchers, (Tomlinson, 1989 ; Friedman, Pieterse Hall) according to whom the information was not exchanged unilaterally. The imperialism theory was then replaced by globalization, which promoted a greater understanding of diverse cultures. (Friedman, 267. Pieterse also argues that the impact of non-western culture on west should not be ignored (Pieterse, 307~9). The growth of global television in 1990s contributed significantly to flow of information from Asian economies to western economies. (Barker, 1999). As the media in Asian markets grew, western TV programs were imported to these nations while at the same time TV programs of these nations were exported to western countries. Therefore Chan (2000) addressed that China could be a centre of this unique mass cultural expansion in Asian regions. 2.7 Factors Supporting the Korean Wave in China There are many contextual and textual factors that are thought by researchers to have facilitated the rapid expansion of the Korean wave in China. Contextual factors are all those which consist of the wider aspect of Sino-Korean relationship as well as the various changes in China which helped in the diffusion of Korean culture in China. These factors include the relationship between China and Korea, the cultural exchange in Asia, the reforms in the Chinese culture â€Å"industry† and the Chinese audience. On the other hand, the textual aspect has more to do with the strength of the Korean drama and includes factors like the similarity between the cultures of the two countries (resulting in an emotional involvement) and the fact that the Chinese audience see the Korean cinema as a mixture of traditional values with modern style, which adds to its appeal. CONTEXTUAL FACTORS Contextual factors consist of wide aspect of Sino-Korean relationship as well as varied changes in China, which supported the diffusion of Korean culture in china. Sino-Korean relations and cultural exchange within Asia There have been historical and geographical connections between China and Korea. The reltions between both the countries have been strained sice the communist regime. However in 1992, diplomatic relations improved leading to superior economic and cultural ties. Due to its open policy, china has always permitted the expansion of foreign culture in its region. Many cultures like Japanese, and Taiwan were imported to China.by 1990s, Korean culture also started spreading rapidly in China. China has been a hub of Confucianism for many years. Socialist culture was not a source of satisfaction for Chinese people. Western culture was also not popular among Chinese people. They did not accept Japanese culture

Student-Centered Learning Essay -- Education Teaching Essays

Student-Centered Learning missing works cited Definition(s) There are several ways that student-centered learning can be described, and they all lead back to the same basic idea, the student. First, student-centered learning can be defined as a discipline that involves the interaction of a team of students that experience creative learning to be used in the real world (Thornburg, 1995). Thornburg (1995) also mention that students are essential to the classroom, just like a team member is essential to a game. He says that teachers are part of the definition of student-centered learning, but they are not the main attraction. The students are the focus, and the teacher is the one who can assist among small groups of students. Eaton (1994) describes student-centered learning as the opposite if "teacher-centered". Another way of looking at student-centered learning is that the goals of a system (school) should meet the goals of the students (Harmon, & Hirumi, 1996). Next, the definition that naming students as "partners" with teachers in educa tion can be part of the student-centered learning process (Alley, 1996). Lastly, Csete and Gentry (1995) use the term "learner controlled instruction" instead of a student-centered approach. Learner controlled instruction can be termed as when the learner has some control in the type of instruction that is given. The control factors can range from "procedures" to "time restraints" to "evaluation". The point is that each student’s needs are different and in student-centered learning and learner controlled instruction the learner can decide how and what they want to learn, to function in the real world. Methods and Materials used in Student-Centered Learning Harmon and Hirumi (1... ...linear fashion by using interactive, discovery methods. The use and improvements of technologies like the computer, multimedia programs (Thornburg, 1995), and distance learning (Harmon, & Hirumi 1996) are also shifts from the teacher-centered approach to student-centered approach. The students now like to learn because of the technological influences in the schools (Thornburg, 1995). As a result of these strategies to student-centered learning, school is not just a small period in a child’s life, it is "lifelong learning", and each student can learn what is important to them (Thornburg, 1995). In conclusion, the shift to schools using the student-centered approach lets students take on a proactive role by working with others, using a variety of resources, and learning and evaluating skills on a continuous basis that they can use throughout life (Alley, 1996).

Extreme Apathy in John Guare’s Six Degrees of Separation Essay

Extreme Apathy in John Guare’s Six Degrees of Separation Many authors go to great lengths to explore the limits of human experience, testing realms beyond the imagination. Anything from physical boundaries to social boundaries are broken and thus redefined; Kafka explores the life of a man turned into a bug, Nabokov examines the life of a man ruled by a sexual desire that is taboo. With so much effort focused on the extremes of life, one work, a play by John Guare entitled Six Degrees of Separation, stands out. Certainly, the events are extraordinary; based on a true story, Six Degrees is the tale of a young con man, professing to be the son of Sidney Poitier, and his effect on the lives of several New York socialites. Paul is the Eliza Doolittle of the modern age, adopting all the skills, stories, and styles that make him the perfect houseguest. Paul's charisma ensures that at every encounter, his presence leaves its mark. One broke and broken young man named Rick, after losing his last dime and last shred of dignity to an encounter with Paul, throws himself from his third floor tenement apartment. From the way that the New Yorkers speak of their experiences with Paul, one would think that Guare has crafted yet another story exploring the range of human experience, probing the impact and significance of encounters among friends and strangers. However, as much as some incidents, such as Rick's suicide, suggest the extreme and most violent ends of the interaction, Guare's play leads us down a too familiar path to a rather harrowing conclusion: that the most unnerving edge of human experience is not, in fact, the most extreme and violent, but the most common and natural to human nature. Guare's play is peopled with characters ... ...e to present ourselves and have some hand in our own destiny, we are paralyzed. As Paul says, the end of Waiting for Godot is "Let's go. Yes, let's. They do not move" (25). At the end of the play, Ouisa is about to go to Sotheby's, but then pauses to watch Paul in her own mind. The lights go down as she remains on stage. Ouisa is not saved, and in the end we must doubt that she will find momentum enough to collect the substance that is required to have a life. Instead of moving into a life of meaning, she will float to Sotheby's, with a drink in hand and an urbane smile. One can picture the unwritten end to follow, Ouisa at Sotheby's "We had the strangest call tonight, that imposter that came into our lives, and you know, I had such a revelation about our lives . . ." NOTES [1] John Guare, Six Degrees of Separation. New York: Dramatist's Play Service, 1992.

To What Extent Would Sociologists Say the Nuclear Family

Today sociologists in Britain would not agree that nuclear families are the norm. This is because families aren’t like what they used to be. In the nuclear families today, the roles of the mother and father are no longer segregated conjugal roles. In the nuclear family today roles are changing and developing into integrated conjugal roles. Partners are becoming more egalitarian which is leading to the nuclear symmetrical family. Due to the symmetrical family developing socialists believe the idea of the ‘new man’. A man that shares housework and the responsibility of the children. There has been a dramatic increase in divorce over the last decade. The rise in divorce has been caused by many things, for example: the increase in lone parent families, teenage mothers and domestic violence. Instead of the nuclear family, other types of families can be said to becoming the norm. For example, reconstituted families are increase in Britain due to the rise in divorce. Cohabitation and single sex families have all started to become the norm in Britain today. Decades ago it was very rare to see any other family than a nuclear family. In Britain today there is much more diversity in families- this has party been caused by the different ethnic group population that are now living here in Britain- such as the: Asian families and the Afro Caribbean. However, on the other hand the nuclear family is still very popular in Britain today. The traditional nuclear family is always portrayed as the norm in Britain. Despite all the new family diversity, the traditional nuclear family hasn’t gone anywhere, it is still very common.

A Moment That Changed My Life Essay

This is my creative essay for the Film tune at NYU. The prompt was Introduce yourself. signalize an unfor possesstable even outt in your carriage and how it changed your perception of yourself or the view of some sensition(a) close to you. This event washbowl be dramatic and/or comedic. The assignment may be written as a short story in the starting signal person or as an essay. My one devotion is that my essay is hard to understand. So any(prenominal) feedback on how it reads to other hatful would be a huge help. And in addition any gramatical errors or any trimg same that that you remember would be a help as well.Im probably nonice this out today so please, any advice would be much appriciated. Thanks. How did I get here? How did this happen. I sat staring(a) through the subject car doorsill as it dangled there in expect of my eyes. How had I non m elderlyn it in the lead how had it neer caught my eye? It hit me so steady, equal a wave that unexpectedly legislates you as you walk along the beach. Its real happening, I plan to myself. I am no longer a child. I am terrified. And its not fear that troubles me, its ack in a frighten offledgement. Its the realization that my liveness volition simply salutary keeps travel along and I control no say in the matter.Its the realization that I no longer hold up what c altogether inms standardized alone the meter in the founding to figure out what I penury to do with that aliveness sentence what I want to be, what I want to bury behind after Im gone. Its netly time for me to snap judgeing besides when rather go out and do the things Ive daydream of the things Ive only wondered at, baffled at, as I lay alone in my bed at night. It had never entangle real until promptly. I stared at it as it hung there, as it hung unaware of the meaning it gave to me at this moment. Those few seconds stretched for minutes, stretched to encompass the span of a intenttime in the flash of a blinking eye.And thats what it all now felt alike(p) a blink, a moment, a flash. Is that what it ordain touch like at the end? A flash? When I was a little girl, my generate took me to the fair. He bought me a wristband so that I could go on all of the rides without having to fumble with tickets. He told me, Darling, you can do anything you want here, just say the word. To a young child, hearing those words was like cosmos devoted the keys to the world being given complete freedom. To me, freedom was a precious thing. I craved it sought after it above all else.But you see, in my eyes, freedom was simply having whatever you want, when you want, and not having to do anything you dont want to get it. In my eyes, freedom was a perfective tense world, alone only for me. Of course over time I was persuaded from these views by opening my eyes to the hard calculate and responsibility involved in having freedom. As I grew erstwhile(a) I make more privileges. I worked to make my witness money, began driving, found myself a wonderful boy, and even began preparing for college dreaming of going out on my own and making a relieve oneself for myself in this wide world.And for a period the illusion was indeed convincing. I allowed myself to cogitate that over time I would authorize more control in my life and that that control would one day stupefy absolute. But it was still just an illusion, a dream an idea of a perfect world, my perfect world. up to nowtually I would earn that the one thing which I thought could bring me my absolute freedom is the one thing that will forever plentys it back. Time. Time is the one thing which binds everyone. Even the most wealthy, most powerful mint in the world will go along someday.Do you think they chose that for themselves? Do you think they wouldnt change it if they could? You could rent the unit world in the palm of your hand, but the reality remains everyone is born, everyone grows older, and everyone will at last die. Our time is limited. That cant be changed, just accepted. So staring, I sat as it hung limply remote the open car door. How had I never seen it before? How had it never caught my eye? How had it all happened so fast? The lines, those small cracks, they hung generally unneurotic over the weakened bone below.I sat staring, staring at my breeds aged hand that hung at his side as he stood outside the car conversing with someone who, at the moment, held no importance to me. neer before had I noticed those lines, those cracks, those wrinkles which spread out like ripples on the surface of a pond. Never before had I noticed how thin the skin appeared, how stretched, or even how loosely the veins spread underneath. For the commencement ceremony time I was expression at my father a objet dart in his fifties, hardened by years of ceaseless working.For the first time in a long time, I was seeing what was actually there and not just what my eyes were telling me to s ee based off of what they had previously known. For the first time, I realized I was increment up. For the first time, I felt the throw that time has on me. For the first time, I thought I am just about eighteen years old. What curb I make with that time? What had I done? I hated the thought. I dreaded the question. That question to which my answer would speak of null of importance.At this time, what troubled me most was not the event that I and everyone around me were acquire older. At this time, what troubled me most was the fact that- in all that time of growth- the things which I had done marchd no greater answer than to merely entertain to entertain myself or the requests of others, teachers, my parents. I thought, Has all this time been cadaveric? Time goes by so fast faster than even I can sometimes realize. The funny thing is, the older I get, as the years I adopt left steadily decrease, I cant help thought times steady increase.And this only leads me to fu rther wonder if these eighteen years have gone by so rapidly, as if they were zipper, will it not feel as though tomorrow I will find myself an old muliebrity? Is it so tall(a)? Is it so unlikely that, if the lifestyle I have I keep, I will wake up on that day and again have to question if the time I had been given had been squandered away in unsatisfying activity? A dreary day it would be to lay in memory of your life and realize that the old age you have spent held no purpose or meaning beyond to merely serve yourself and your own selfish comforts.A sad day it would be to realize that you have lived your life well and comfortably, yes, but never with purpose. And it was then, for a moment, that I was torn from my thoughts as my father at last colonized back into the car and began to drive us home. I looked over at the man who had given me everything my life, my childhood, and now this much needed revelation. Unbeknown to him, in an instant, he had changed my views of this w orld and of the life I was leading. In an instant, he had given me what was needed for me to stop wait around, stop simply thinking of how my life will be, and start living, actually living.In that moment, in that rough weathered hand, I saw my future. I saw the set up that time would one day have on me. I saw the old age that would one day overtake me. I saw myself upon that final hour, laying, awaiting that final breath. But what I did not see was how I would greet that end. Would it be with smooth acceptance or mournful hate? The real question is when that final hour comes, when I take that final breathe, will the death that takes me be taking a soul that has truly lived? Will I have truly lived? I sit, looking at my fathers hand as he steers us home.I sit, not hoping for, but planning the things I am going to do, the things which I will do, today and tomorrow and all the days after. The things which will, in purpose, serve greater causes than to just simply allow me to go on drifting along in my life. For from now on I will do nothing but dream and create. I will do nothing but share with others my thoughts, my words, my ideas. I will do nothing but strive with all I have to make a difference in, if even in the smallest way, the life of another, the ways of a people, the turning of the world. From now on I will nothing but truly just live.

Project Management Research Paper Essay

The common denominator of all victorious juttings is the capacity and tincture of its cat managing mechanism. Project management is the battlefield that integrates conglomerate processes towards the achievement of particularised accusives and deliverables. This discipline is opened under the acquaint that all chucks be unique, and no two ar ever the same. Managing the efforts of those idiosyncratics tortuous requires a great pack of coordination, organization, and a forward thinking focus on the throw aways objectives. Facilitating a successful desegregation of people variables and travail variables towards special objectives is the condition that the roam management scat provides.There is an enormous distinction between bears and operational processes. While mortally paradigms affair is to yield a value and/or clear to the organization the room in which those values ar created varies greatly. Operational processes involve the creation of organisational wealthiness through the manufacturing of a product or service. These processes atomic number 18 typically mechanistic and consuming specific imaginations small-arm yielding linear and proportional revenues. In contrast, watch objectives be unique, which inhibits the structuralizing of both procedural or mechanistic comp sumlessnts. Projects occur within a supportcycle which begins with the be afters selection. It is at this constitute of the cycle that the vomit up outcome is assessed for feasibility. Project selection, the initial phase, refers to the prison term frame during which a strategic claim is recognized by top management. It starts with identifying the needs and desires of the drug user of the cast off deliverables-the customer (Jiang & Heiser, 2004). Very little resource consumption and collaborative efforts occur at this stage.The schooling stage of the project is a more than than involved process. It is during this stage that risk and impacts blend realized and project management integration is applied. It is vital the project animal trainers produce a clear understanding of the project objective at this stage, and that risk mitigating intentions be fully implemented. The project manager and immaturely assigned group fellow members satiate to project jointly at a macro level of detail the major activities that mustiness be accomplished (Jiang & Heiser, 2004). The third stage of a projects bearing cycle consists of carrying out. It is during this stage that higher levels of risk are prevalent. This is generally the longest phase of the project both(prenominal) in terms of duration and effort (Kloppenborg & Petrick, 1999). death penalty efforts can be highly involved and decomposable determined primarily by the scope and measure of the project. The fourth and final stage of the project life cycle is its termination. At this stage the project has execute fully implemented, and each programs, products, or service s are fully adoptive by the end-users. A project that has achieved this stage on-or-under figure and time is considered successful. As ciphers and time become inflated a projects success become proportionately undynamic.If the trim downs and impact affecting those outcomes go unaddressed, the project impart fail entirely. It is for this reason that measuring mountat the micro leveland through each phase of the projects life cycle is crucial. A successful project manager not only maintains a constant focus on the projects end result, tho also assesses task completion and growth on the basis of their cost and timing. When either these components become debilitated or show signs of retardation, it becomes the projects managers tariff to escalate those efforts to take into account levels of progress. Achieving this outcome requires that project managers possess those leading qualities necessitate to make the necessary mechanisms. Furthermore, that assumes that leadership qualities affect sinless and effective communicatings to every layer of the organizational structure. One of the most great contributions project managers make up to a project is the leadership capacity they fulfill. competent leaders remain engaged throughout the projects lifecycle by the decisions they make and the efforts they put forward.However, effective leaders must also know when a situation/issue needs to escalated. The timing of the escalation is important, because it does not do either good if thateffort is reactive to the point that the solicited receipt becomes invalid. The study Royal Air Force study also found the universal applicability of the interpersonal sensitivity, influence and communicating skills required to interact, whether it be in management co-ordination and riddle solving, leadership motivation or rule decision making, and that personal motivation, vigour and conscientious commitment that ordain lead to managerial tell of the environment wil l also support leadership mastery and command success. (Turner, Mller, & Dulewicz(2009). The impact these competencies have on the leadership and sponsorship capacity of project managers is invaluable to those efforts. Project managers that cannot efficaciously fulfill these conditions will find it difficult to motivate and escalate progress where necessary.Capital improvement and affair safety projects are the culmination of a serial of complex phases. These phases consist of scoping and formalizing the projects charter assigning sanction and responsibilities to each stakeholder and procuring the necessary resources to execute and complete the project. Because these activities are performed by various project team members and international stakeholders the activities require a great deal of coordination and communication in order to effectively perform the individual assignments and tasks. The success of these heavy(p) improvement and safety projects would not be possible wit hout the implementation of various project management tools.The civil sector of the construction industriousness is the primary agent responsible for maintaining all semipublic infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, water and sanitation systems, and earthbound a vehicle safety devices. Assuming this responsibility involves implementing various maintenance and construction projects, each one with a different objective and scope of work. A project recently completed by the capital improvement projects (CIP) team involved both road-widening and drain components. The project had a 24 month lifecycle, with 12 of those months utilize for securing living and clearing the right-of-way for construction. The scale of this project warranted a great number of resources beyond pecuniary and accounting. One such resource needed was consultants with radiation pattern experiencewhom had accomplished project of the same magnitude and in a similar fashion. Additional resources consisted of i ndividuals with particular(a) interpersonal and communication skills, as well as, organization, designs compilation, and documentation. A number of different project management tools were used to coordinate these efforts and efficiently consume these resources.The work countenance system was an invaluable asset of this project. The work confidence system was the instrument used by the project manager to account for project-specific work. Because there are incessantly projects in various stages of a lifecycle that need attention, it is important to know how much time each project has consumed. In addition, work agency allows the project manager to assess what efforts are needed for a specific phase of the project and determine if a member with a particular skillset can be added or reassigned to another project. Essentially, this tool allows the project manager to endow the cash expenditures associated with that work, while tracking the capital budget for that fiscal grade. Thi s process would be appropriate to square off (or bound) the authorized or approved scope, schedule, and cost for the project. On most government projects, which are primarily funding limited, this work authorization process is the current course (or detailed) work political programning process intended to match the approved project work to the fiscal year funding platform. (Douglas, 2000)Project status reports were vital to the cohesiveness of miscellany tasks towards objectives. The status reports for this particular project were formally submitted on a weekly basis, and involved collision with all team members to discuss the previous weeks developments. The purpose of these progress meetings was to discuss whatever issues that may impact the projects budget or its schedule. During these meetings the project manager reviews the reports and inquires on any events that standout. In addition, all pertinent information becomes on hand(predicate) during these meetings, which allowed for a more collaborative and cooperative task engagement. Without this progress-tracking instrument, the progress status of the projects varying phases would be difficult to assess and account for.The implementation of integrated manage tools has become a contribute factor of the capital improvement projects successes. Work authorization and scheduling systems provide the means to assess and control resources more efficiently, and the decision making process adopted by the CIP has dramatically minimized the costs associated with false and/or delayed decisions. The use of these tools allowed for the high-profile road-widening and drainage projects success, and continues to be an invaluable asset towards the efficient completion of subsequent projects. The project management plan is the method that establishes a link between efforts and outputs. Barkley (2006) The project management plan defines how the project is executed, monitored, controlled, and closed The plans compone nts take on people, namely the roles the individuals will play and the responsibilities assigned to them.The plan also requires inputs in the form of technology and finance that will aid in bringing the project-objectives to fruition. In addition to these components, an effective project management plan will include accurate and frequent communications. The scent of a good project management plan (PMP), PSMJ contends, is to keep it brief (you can do that hardly by making reference to other documents preferably of incorporating them), to the point, well-indexed, and not cluttered with text-instead, use tables and figures to illustrate your points. Distributed and on a regular basis updated, the plan becomes a reference for the client the team members and principals, top managers, and administrators of your firm. (PMP, 2004) These items are the specific components needed to ask a project management plan.Segmenting the project into specific milestones is an important condition ne eded to monitor progress, and more importantly weigh all inputs against the objectives met. Segmenting affords a more accurate means of measuring current progress (current progress resources consumed) and make adjustments to meet the anticipated results outlined in the projects charter. Without this segmentation comparing progress to costs would not be possible until the projects completion, at which point the desired outcome would be less than the resources allocated for its creation. In conclusion, the formal role of a project manager is not difficult to grasp. However, the manner in which an effective project manager exacts thisfunction can be difficult to understand. This complexity is the con date of integrating people, systems, and resources into a harmonious and unique sequence of events that culminate to achieve an objective. The quantifiable and qualitative paradigms of this discipline can be learned in any academic institution. However, the effective application of these principles is inherent to an individuals character.ReferencesBarkley, B. (2006). Integrated project management. New York, NY McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780390319944 Collins, J., & Rowe, J. (2005). direction challenges unique to transit projects. AACE International Transactions, , PM151-PM156. Retrieved from Douglas,Edward E., I.,II. (2000). Project trends and change control. AACE International Transactions, , C10.1-C10.5. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/208184374?accountid=32521 Jiang, B., & Heiser, D. R. (2004). The eye diagram A new perspective on the project life cycle. journal of Education for Business, 80(1), 10-16. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/202820997?accountid=32521 Turner, J. R., Ralf Mller, & Dulewicz, V. (2009). Comparing the leadership styles of available and project managers. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 2(2), 198-216. insidehttp//dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538370910949266 Project management plan A foundation for su ccess. (2004). Design Firm Management & Administration Report, 04(3), 1. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/223209894?accountid=32521